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Article History

Received: 17 December 2025

Accepted: 7 April 2026

First Online: 15 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The research protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University (approval number: IRB00001052-11015 for the household survey and IRB00001052-11014 for blood samples). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. All participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Consent for publication has been obtained. All patient information in this manuscript has been de-identified to ensure anonymity. Informed consent has been obtained from the participating patients or their legal guardians for the publication of any potentially identifiable personal images.

: The authors declare no competing interests.