Funding for this research was provided by:
Tianjin Key Medical Discipline Construction Project (TJYXZDXK-3-009B)
Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (24JCZDJC01350)
National Engineering Research Center of Science and Technology Information STI Digital Health Laboratory (2025STI81)
Article History
Received: 31 January 2026
Accepted: 10 April 2026
First Online: 21 April 2026
Declarations
:
: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This retrospective observational study was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Tianjin People’s Hospital (Approval No. (2026) Fast Review No. (B020)). Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the requirement for informed consent to participate was waived by the ethics committee.
: All patients provided general written informed consent for treatment and use of anonymized clinical data at hospital admission. Additional written informed consent was obtained for publication of representative clinical images when applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.