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Authors
Yang, Xingyi
Ying, Xiuzhiye
Ying, Guangzhi
Chen, Xuyong
Zhang, Wenhua
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Article History
Received: 3 July 2026
Accepted: 16 September 2026
First Online: 18 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study analysed a publicly accessible critical-care database that had obtained Institutional Review Board approval from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (2001P-001699/14). All data were fully de-identified, and personal identifiers were replaced with randomly assigned codes. Therefore, no additional ethics approval or individual informed consent was required. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
