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Authors
Lo, Shao Chi
Lin, Ting Yu
Yeh, Hsing Jung
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Article History
Received: 13 April 2026
Accepted: 22 September 2026
First Online: 3 October 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This retrospective study utilized de-identified, aggregated patient data from the TriNetX research network and was conducted in compliance with Section ยง 164.514(a) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. The study protocol was reviewed and approved/exempted by the Taipei Medical University Joint Institutional Review Board (TMU-JIRB) (Approval Number: N202606060), which granted an exemption from formal ethical approval and waived the requirement for informed consent due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized data.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
