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Article History

Received: 10 January 2018

Accepted: 27 June 2018

First Online: 27 July 2018

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: This current project received ethics approval at two levels. Consent to participate was obtained for all participants under the CLSA harmonized multi-university ethics process that was centrally organized and approved by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board (HiREB), Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University. Written consent was obtained from all CLSA participants prior to enrollment in the CLSA study via a fully disclosed consent form approved by the ethics committees of all 11 Canadian participating universities (see Additional file InternalRef removed ). Individuals who were not deemed to be cognitively functional were excluded from the CLSA study. Simon Fraser University (SFU) was a participating institution in the CLSA data collection, and the SFU Office of Research Services Ethics Committee reviewed all consent material prior to data collection. Harmonized ethics for the data collection was approved by the Simon Fraser University, Office of Research Services (SFU ORS #2010 s0281). For the current study, ethics approval was obtained from the Office of Research Services (ORS) Ethics Committee at Simon Fraser University as a Minimal Risk Project (#2016 s0281). The requirement for further written informed consent was waived by the SFU ORS Ethics Committee.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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