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Article History

Received: 25 August 2023

Accepted: 4 March 2024

First Online: 18 March 2024

Declarations

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: The potential participants for the Umeå85 + /GERDA project were first sent a letter with information about the study and later telephoned to receive their informed consent for participation. If there were any concerns regarding individuals' ability to provide informed consent, consent was discussed with their next of kin. The interviews were conducted by specially trained physicians or medical students and between 2000 and 2002, also by physiotherapists or nurses in the participants' homes. Participants were allowed to intermit or terminate the interview at any time. For both samples, if the screening instruments showed signs of depressive disorder, they were either encouraged to contact their physician or a referral was sent. Ethical approval was obtained from the Regional Ethical Review Board in Umeå, Sweden (99–326, 05–063 M, 09–178 M, 2015–296-31 M, 2016–501-32 M, 2020–01428, and 2021–00023).For the convenience sample, the majority were asked directly for their consent to participate, at senior citizen gatherings, or at consultation meetings with the geriatrician who then assessed them. For nursing home residents, the nurse in charge of the nursing home selected suitable residents and asked for their permission to be visited by the assessor. Then, the assessor visited them and asked for their consent to participate. If previously unknown symptoms of depression were found, the participant was referred to their physician, or if suitable, treatment was offered directly by the geriatrician. Ethical approval for the convenience sample was obtained from the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (2021–05968-01).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.