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Article History

Received: 21 December 2023

Accepted: 2 November 2024

First Online: 18 November 2024

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of E-Da Hospital, under the reference number IRB EMRP108-061. The committee provided ethical approval for the research protocol, ensuring that the study complies with the ethical standards for research involving human participants. This approval encompasses all aspects of the study, affirming our commitment to conducting research ethically and responsibly. The requirement for participant consent was deemed unnecessary by the Ethics Committee of the Institutional Review Board of E-Da Hospital due to the following reasons: the data for this study was sourced from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database, which contains de-identified or anonymized data. This ensures the privacy and confidentiality of individual patients. According to the regulations and laws governing data privacy and protection in Taiwan, research utilizing such de-identified data does not necessitate direct informed consent from the participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.