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Article History

Received: 2 December 2024

Accepted: 13 March 2025

First Online: 24 March 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chang Gung Medical Foundation (Approval No. 202002633B0C601, April 1, 2021) for studies involving humans. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were provided with a detailed informed consent form explaining the purpose, procedures, and voluntary nature of the study, along with the right to withdraw at any time without consequence.

: Not applicable. No identifying images or other personal or clinical details of participants that compromise anonymity are presented in this manuscript. An unauthorized version of the Chinese MMSE was used by the study team without permission, however this has now been rectified with PAR. The MMSE is a copyrighted instrument and may not be used or reproduced in whole or in part, in any form or language, or by any means without written permission of PAR ().

: The authors declare no competing interests.