Document is current

Article History

Received: 5 January 2025

Accepted: 10 April 2025

First Online: 23 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. All analyses used publicly available, non-restricted data collected through the Health and Retirement Survey and did not require IRB/human subject review. Health and Retirement Survey data collection is approved by the Health Sciences and Behavioral Sciences Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the University of Michigan.

: Not applicable.

: All participants in the Health and Retirement Study are consented and are given verbal informed consent for their participation in the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors have checked to make sure that our submission conforms as applicable to the Journal’s statistical guidelines described here. The statistics were checked prior to submission by an expert statistician (Ou Chen, chenou@sdu.edu.cn).

: The data has not been previously presented orally or by poster at scientific meetings.