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Article History

Received: 11 January 2025

Accepted: 4 July 2025

First Online: 1 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The 2015 Population Census Micro-Sampling Survey data used in this study are publicly available to authorized researchers through the National Bureau of Statistics of China. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants by the data-collecting agency. As this study involved the analysis of anonymized, pre-existing data, no additional ethical approval was required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.