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Authors
Ding, Hong
Zhang, Lei
Ma, Chao
Shao, Zhizi
Zhao, Xiaojiang
Li, Changqing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Philosophy and Social Sciences Foundation of the Anhui Higher Education Institutions of China (2024AH052821, 2024AH05282, 2024AH052821, 2024AH05282)
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Article History
Received: 2 January 2025
Accepted: 16 July 2025
First Online: 16 August 2025
Declarations
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: The original CHARLS project secured ethical clearance from Peking University’s Ethical Review Committee (IRB00001052-11015), with participants providing written consent. Secondary analysis of anonymized public data received exemption from Bengbu Medical University’s Ethics Committee per China’s biomedical ethics regulations (2016) and data protection law (2021).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
