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Authors
Kitamura, Satomi
Tsuchiya-Ito, Rumiko
Taguchi, Reina
Ishikawa, Tomoki
Ota, Tomoyuki
Hamada, Shota
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21K21209)
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Article History
Received: 24 April 2024
Accepted: 17 July 2025
First Online: 14 August 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the review board of the Institute for Health Economics and Policy (R2-001). The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the anonymous nature of the database.
: Not applicable.
: SH is an endowed chair, funded by donations from Hakue Technology, PROUMED, Japan BioProducts, Towa Pharmaceutical, Yellow Eight, and Sugi Holdings. SH received research funding from SOMPO Care, Inc. outside of this work. Although SH is an editorial board member of BMC Geriatrics, SH had no relationship with this paper’s peer-review process. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
