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Authors
Wang, Tianyi
Tang, Shuang
Zheng, Ruwen
Wang, Lin
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Article History
Received: 20 March 2025
Accepted: 22 July 2025
First Online: 26 August 2025
Declarations
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: This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the research ethics review board of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the National Center for Health Statistics, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable local regulations. All participants in NHANES provided written informed consent to participate. The approval numbers for the surveys presented are: Protocol #2011-17 (NHANES 2011–2012), Continuation of Protocol #2011-17 (NHANES 2013–2014). More information about the NHANES database can be found at . Clinical trial number: not applicable.
: The authors have no ethical, legal, and financial conflicts related to the article. All authors read and approved the manuscript for publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
