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Authors
Li, Qianqian
Guan, Jiayi
Wang, Ronghui
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Article History
Received: 2 September 2024
Accepted: 23 July 2025
First Online: 7 October 2025
Declarations
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: The Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015) approved the CHARLS study, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Data usage was authorized by the Peking University Public Data Management Agency. This study followed the guidelines of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) and was conducted in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
