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Authors
Li, Aoyu
Qiang, Wei
Li, Jingwen
Geng, Yan
Qiang, Yan
Zhao, Juanjuan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Funds (YDZJSX2022C004)
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Article History
Received: 14 November 2024
Accepted: 28 July 2025
First Online: 11 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Taiyuan University of Technology (Approval No. 20230641). Given the inclusion of older adults with suspected or diagnosed cognitive impairment, informed consent was obtained for all participants prior to their enrollment in the study. Individuals with sufficient cognitive capacity provided written informed consent independently. For participants with impaired decision-making ability, written consent was obtained from their legally authorized representatives (e.g., family members or appointed guardians), in accordance with institutional review board guidelines. The consent procedure was conducted by trained research staff in a quiet and private setting.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
