Ge, Yinliang
Jiang, Wenjun
Xue, Mo
Lyu, Yanxia
Hong, Lixin
Tian, Kan
Article History
Received: 26 February 2025
Accepted: 12 August 2025
First Online: 2 September 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study utilized data from the Chinese Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS), which was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Renmin University of China (RER201902). All participants in the original survey provided informed consent. This study, based on publicly available data, did not involve new human subject research and thus required no additional ethics approval. The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.