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Authors
Luo, Linbin
Xing, Yiqing
Shang, Zhao
Ren, Weicun
Zhang, Liang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72474162)
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Article History
Received: 11 May 2025
Accepted: 22 August 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
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: The CHARLS dataset is available to the public, and the study protocol was approved by Peking University’s Ethical Review Committee, eliminating the need for additional ethical approval for this study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
