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Authors
Bai, Yan
Wu, Rong
Zhang, Fan
Yang, Hua
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (20224Y0166)
Shanghai Science and Technology Program (20Y21902500)
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Article History
Received: 18 March 2025
Accepted: 12 September 2025
First Online: 24 October 2025
Declarations
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: This was a retrospective study based on the CHARLS database. Patients’ information was hidden before the study. Informed consent from patients was not required and there was no ethical conflict. The original CHARLS was approved by the Ethics Review Board of Peking University (IRB00001052- 11015), and all participants signed an informed consent form at the time of participation. The study followed the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
