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Authors
Lu, Shu-Hua
Chan, Hsiao-Ju
Lin, Yun-Ping
To, Thi-Lien
Yeh, Chih-Jung
Lee, Meng-Chih
Liao, Wen-Chun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
China Medical Unviersity (CMU112-TC-06)
Ministry of Health and Welfare (M1413278)
Ministry of Health and Welfare (M1413278)
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Article History
Received: 2 May 2025
Accepted: 15 September 2025
First Online: 24 October 2025
Declarations
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: The Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging (TLSA) was conducted by the Population and Health Research Center of the Bureau of Health Promotion, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan. All personally identifiable information was encrypted to ensure participant confidentiality. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Taiwan (Approval No.: BHP-960800522). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians prior to their inclusion in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
