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Article History

Received: 1 April 2025

Accepted: 17 September 2025

First Online: 4 November 2025

Change Date: 13 January 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: affiliations for authors Katrin Spencer, Petek Yurt and the affiliation 1 was corrected.

Declarations

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: Objectives 1, 3, and 4 were approved by the Bruyère Health Research Ethics Board (M16-24-020). Objective 2 will use ICES data. ICES is a prescribed entity under Ontario’s Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA). Section 45 of PHIPA authorizes ICES to collect personal health information, without consent, for the purpose of analysis or compiling statistical information with respect to the management of, evaluation or monitoring of, the allocation of resources to or planning for all or part of the health system. Projects that use data collected by ICES under Sect. 45 of PHIPA, and use no other data, are exempt from REB review. The use of the data in this project is authorized under Sect. 45 and approved by ICES’ Privacy and Legal Office.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.