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Authors
Zhu, Bifan
Chen, Duo
Hou, Xiaohui
Fang, Kun
Zhang, Yunwei
Jin, Chunlin
Ding, Hansheng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (20224Y0101)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72074152)
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Article History
Received: 28 February 2025
Accepted: 18 September 2025
First Online: 11 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study utilized secondary anonymized data retrieved from an administrative data platform, and the need for consent to participate was waived by Shanghai Health Development Research Center Ethics Committee. This study adhered to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki throughout all phases of its design, execution, and reporting.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
