Document is current

Article History

Received: 30 October 2024

Accepted: 22 September 2025

First Online: 7 November 2025

Change Date: 18 November 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: the phrase "Present address" from Affiliation 1 is deleted.

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for all the CHARLS waves was granted by the Institutional Review Board at Peking University (IRB00001052–11015). All participants provided written informed consent. The research was based on the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.