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Article History

Received: 27 February 2025

Accepted: 24 September 2025

First Online: 7 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study utilizes secondary data and was approved by the University of Botswana Institutional Review Board under the Office of Research and Development (REF: UB/RES/IRB/SOC/247). Ethical considerations were addressed during the original data collection phases of the census conducted by Statistics Botswana. As per the Botswana Statistics Act of 2009, participation in national surveys and censuses is mandatory, and individuals were informed of this requirement. Additionally, the Act stipulates that refusing to answer any questions constitutes an offence. Consequently, no separate ethical consent process was undertaken for this study, as the necessary ethical protocols were adhered to during the initial data collection.This study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki as they apply to research involving human participants. All procedures contributing to this work complied with institutional and national research ethics standards.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.