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Authors
Liu, Xiaoyan
Lin, Qisheng
Gao, Kaiwen
Chen, Xinglin
Li, Shu
Zhu, Xuying
Mou, Shan
Ni, Zhaohui
Jin, Haijiao
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Article History
Received: 28 May 2025
Accepted: 1 October 2025
First Online: 12 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision). The research utilized the publicly available eICU Collaborative Research Database, which contains de-identified patient data. Therefore, individual informed consent was waived, and no additional ethical approval was required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
