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Authors
Al Ghammari, Asma
Guo, Min
Al Sinawi, Hamed
Al Harthi, Hamida
Yin, Yueheng
Niu, Shuzhen
Shan, Enfang
Li, Xianwen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Project (22YJCZH089)
Philosophy and Social Science Research Projects of Jiangsu Universities (2022SJYB0298)
Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20240527)
Project of “Nursing Science” Funded by the 4th Priority Discipline Development Program of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (Jiangsu Education Department [2023] No.11)
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Article History
Received: 3 March 2025
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 22 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee of the Nanjing Medical University (NMU2023-562), Health Studies and Research Approval Committee (HSRAC) Ministry of Health, Sultanate of Oman (MoH/CSR/23/27803), Medical Research Ethics Committee, Sultan Qaboos University (SQU-EC/32912023). All participants provided written informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
