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Article History

Received: 29 May 2025

Accepted: 24 October 2025

First Online: 26 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This cross-sectional study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki ( ). Hangzhou Linping District Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital (Approval no. 2025-L-017) approved this study. All participants were informed of the study’s purpose, methods, and voluntary nature, and written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to data collection.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.