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Article History

Received: 20 May 2025

Accepted: 31 October 2025

First Online: 28 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted using data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database, a publicly available and de-identified critical care database. Access to the database was granted after completion of the required training and certification on the Protection of Human Research Participants (CITI Program Certification Number: Approval No. 65083321). Ethical review and approval were waived by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology because the data are de-identified and publicly available. This study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.