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Authors
Sheng, Liuzexuan
Chen, Xi
Pan, Wenhai
Shi, Yan
Zhong, Yiming
Zhang, Jiawen
Chen, Yifan
Pu, Jun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (823B2005)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1312800)
National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (81625002)
Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (2022JC013)
Shanghai Sailing Program (21YF1445000)
Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (22DZ2292400)
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Article History
Received: 20 May 2025
Accepted: 31 October 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Declarations
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: The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) approved the use of NHANES public data files, and its Research Ethics Review Board waived the requirement for informed consent (Protocol No. 98–12 for the 2003–2004 cycle, Protocol No. 2005–06 for the 2005–2010 cycles, Protocol No. 2011–17 for the 2011–2016 cycles, Protocol No. 2018–01 for the 2017–2018 cycle). All participants in the NHANES study provided written informed consent before taking part.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
