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Authors
Deng, Huiwen
Lee, Todd A.
Gaber, Charles E.
Kim, Kibum
Crawford, Stephanie Y.
Bayliss, Elizabeth A.
Singh, Sonal
Young, Jessica G.
Toh, Sengwee
Li, Xiaojuan
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Article History
Received: 23 May 2025
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 6 December 2025
Declarations
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: All data within the MarketScan database are Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant and the study was approved by the University of Illinois Chicago and the Harvard Pilgrim Health Care institutional review boards. Consent was not necessary for this study.
: Not applicable.
: HD is a full-time employee at AbbVie Inc., for unrelated work; CG receives academic salary support from AbbVie Inc. for administering an academic fellowship, unrelated to this work; KK receives salary support from Takeda Pharmaceuticals for a fellowship program and received salary support from the Institute of Clinical and Economic Review for a research program, both of which are unrelated to this work; ST serves as a methods consultant for Pfizer, Inc. for unrelated work. All other authors declare no competing interests.
