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Authors
Yeh, Tzu-Pei
Lin, Yen-Kuang
Kuo, Fang-Lin
Liu, Pi-Ju
Chen, Li-Chuan
Bai, Dorothy
Chen, I-Hui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science and Technology Council (113-2635-B-039-003)
National Science and Technology Council (112-2314-B-038-027)
Ministry of Science and Technology (111-2314-B-038-034)
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Article History
Received: 3 July 2025
Accepted: 6 November 2025
First Online: 26 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Taipei Medical University Institutional Review Board (IRB no. N202204055). Detailed information regarding the study’s purpose, procedures, and potential benefits was provided to all participants, and written informed consent was obtained from each one. Participant confidentiality was maintained through data coding, and personal information was securely stored. All procedures adhered to ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki , and participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
