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Authors
He, Li
Yang, Yang
Wang, Jiangyin
Yu, Yue
Chen, Hang
Yang, Zhixiong
Wang, Zihan
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Article History
Received: 9 January 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study utilizes data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), the China City Statistical Yearbook (CCSY), and the China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook (CUCSY). Ethics approval for the CFPS project was granted by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University, and all participants provided informed consent at the time of participation. The CFPS ethics review batch number is unified across different investigation rounds: IRB00001052-14010. Since the data used in this study are anonymized and publicly available, there is no need for additional ethics approval for approved data users. The CCSY and CUCSY data are also publicly available, and no further ethics approval was required for their use.
: Consent for publication was confirmed with all participants at the same time as consent to participate was obtained.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
