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Authors
Sun, Mengzhen
Hu, Xiaoxi
Sun, Xiaoru
Zhang, Hui
Wang, Xiaofeng
Jiang, Xiaoyan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China-Youth Science Fund (82301768)
Project supported by Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2023SHZDZX02)
Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (202340287)
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Article History
Received: 30 December 2024
Accepted: 14 November 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study protocol for the NHATS was approved by the Johns Hopkins University Institutional Review Board. All participants provided written informed consent. Institutional review board approval was exempted for this study because of the publicly available and de-identified data. The study adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
