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Authors
Jia, Haomiao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1391-8190
Lubetkin, Erica I.
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Accepted: 18 November 2025
First Online: 15 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was a secondary data analysis of the Medicare HOS data which were public access data. The PUF Medicare HOS data does not include personal identifiable information and does not meet the requirements of human subjects research as defined by the Department of Health and Human Services. Ethical approval was not required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
