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Authors
Tang, Lulu
Pan, Xiaojia
Wang, Yunlan
Qiu, Changcui
Yu, Xiaoli
Liu, Fei
Wang, Li
Zhu, Xiaoping
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Project for the Promotion and Optimization of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies in Municipal Hospitals, Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center (SHDC22024207)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO.72304210)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO.72074168)
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Article History
Received: 15 October 2024
Accepted: 20 November 2025
First Online: 6 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for all the CHARLS waves was granted from the Institutional Review Board at Peking University. The Institutional Review Board approval number for the main household survey, including anthropometrics, is IRB00001052-11015. During the fieldwork, each respondent who agreed to participate in the survey was asked to sign two copies of informed consent; one copy was kept in the CHARLS office, which was also scanned and saved in PDF format. For each illiterate or vulnerable participant, informed consent was obtained from a parent and/or legal guardian. All methods in this study were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
