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Authors
Lin, Cheng-Chieh
Li, Chia-Ing
Liu, Chiu-Shong
Lin, Chih-Hsueh
Yang, Shing-Yu
Li, Tsai-Chung
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 105-2314-B-039-025-MY3 & MOST 108-2314-B-039-031-MY2 & MOST 111-2314-B-039-023)
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC 112-2314-B-039-007-, NSTC 113-2314-B-039-001-, NSTC 114-2314-B-039 -024 -MY3 & NSTC 114-2314-B-039-045)
China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan (DMR-114-013)
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Article History
Received: 16 June 2025
Accepted: 24 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
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: This present study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the Ethical Review Board of China Medical University Hospital (DMR 97-IRB-055 & CMUH111-REC1-007). Written informed consent was obtained from all the study participants. Informed consent was taken from family members/legal guardians of illiterate participants. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
