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Authors
Fang, Ying
Wang, Ruilong
Qing, Yanhua
Zou, Guanyang
Zhang, Caixia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Guangdong Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project (Grant No. GD23XSH19)
Guangdong Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project (Grant No. GD23XSH19)
Guangdong Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project (Grant No. GD23XSH19)
Open Bidding for Selecting the Best Candidates, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Grant No. N/A)
Open Bidding for Selecting the Best Candidates, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Grant No. N/A)
Open Bidding for Selecting the Best Candidates, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Grant No. N/A)
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Article History
Received: 16 July 2024
Accepted: 25 November 2025
First Online: 7 December 2025
Declarations
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: The Institutional Review Board at Peking University granted ethical approval for all the CHARLS waves. The IRB approval number for the main household survey, including anthropometrics, is IRB00001052-11015. During the fieldwork, each respondent who agreed to participate in the survey was asked to sign two copies of the informed consent. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
