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Authors
Zhang, Xianqi
Li, Ziyuan
Yu, Qianqian
Shi, Yongli
Dong, Ping
Li, Haoqi
Xu, Mengyuan
Zhuge, Xianglan
Lou, Pengyu
Yin, Wenqiang
Chen, Zhongming
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (72274140)
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (72274140)
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (72274140)
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (72274140)
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (72274140)
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (72274140)
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (72274140)
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (72274140)
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (72274140)
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (72274140)
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (72274140)
Provincial Talent Project of Shandong (tsqn202312250)
Provincial Talent Project of Shandong (tsqn202312250)
Provincial Talent Project of Shandong (tsqn202312250)
Provincial Talent Project of Shandong (tsqn202312250)
Provincial Talent Project of Shandong (tsqn202312250)
Provincial Talent Project of Shandong (tsqn202312250)
Provincial Talent Project of Shandong (tsqn202312250)
Provincial Talent Project of Shandong (tsqn202312250)
Provincial Talent Project of Shandong (tsqn202312250)
Provincial Talent Project of Shandong (tsqn202312250)
Provincial Talent Project of Shandong (tsqn202312250)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024MG028)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024MG028)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024MG028)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024MG028)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024MG028)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024MG028)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024MG028)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024MG028)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024MG028)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024MG028)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024MG028)
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Article History
Received: 12 June 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 16 December 2025
Declarations
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: The dataset that was used in this study, the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), is publicly available ( ). The CFPS were approved by the Peking University Biomedical Ethics Review Committee (No. IRB00001052–14010), and all participants signed written informed consent forms upon study entry and follow-up. The authors assert that all methods and research processes for this study were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines and regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
