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Article History

Received: 18 May 2025

Accepted: 27 November 2025

First Online: 15 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universiti Putra Malaysia (Approval No. JKEUPM-2023-373). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to study enrollment.

: Not Applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.