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Authors
Smith, Jeffrey D https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2238-811X
Sadowski, Cheryl A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4526-7054
Lee, Justin Y https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8488-6018
Bernard, Catherine
Casey, Genevieve M https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0839-4633
Larivière, Katherine E
Finestone, PJ
Zhang, Cathy
Garber, Gary E https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7633-5630
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Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Declarations
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: Research ethics approval was obtained from the Advarra (Canada) Institutional Review Board (PRO00020829) in compliance with Canada’s Tri-Council Policy Statement on the Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS 2). The Board waived the need for participant consent for this study.
: Not applicable.
: CB, CZ, GEG, KEL, PJF, and JDS are employees of CMPA, a not-for-profit mutual defense organization for Canadian physicians, at the time of this study. CAS is a member of the CADeN Research Committee, Health care professional committee, and Indigenous Working Group. JYL is co-Chair of the CADeN Research Committee and co-Chair of the Canadian Geriatrics Society Deprescribing and Medication Optimization Special Interest Group. No other competing interests were declared.
