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Authors
Yan, Lulu
Peng, Yuanyuan
Guo, Chenjiao
Ren, Entong
Chen, Hao
Ou, Yanan
Han, Jiang
Zhu, Yuntian
Li, Weihua
Xu, Lin
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Article History
Received: 4 July 2025
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
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: The retrospective data were obtained from the CHARLS database. The original CHARLS study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015), and all participants provided written informed consent at the time of data collection. As the CHARLS data were fully anonymized before release, no additional ethical approval or informed consent was required for the present analysis. For the prospective external validation cohort, the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Scientific Research at the General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA (Approval No. NZLLKZ2025106), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment. All procedures in this study were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
