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Authors
Huang, Yongyu
Wang, Qing
Wang, Guangjie
Ding, Ming
You, Yanwei
Li, Fangbo
Wang, Taoran
Yan, Yongtao
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Article History
Received: 10 May 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Declarations
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: The CHARLS program complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and received ethical approval from the Peking University Institutional Review Board. All participants in the CHARLS provided written informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
