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Article History

Received: 19 March 2025

Accepted: 26 December 2025

First Online: 4 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study is a secondary analysis of publicly available, anonymized data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). The CLHLS study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Peking University (Approval Number: IRB00001052-13074). All participants provided informed consent at the time of data collection. As this study exclusively utilizes de-identified secondary data, no additional ethics approval was required.

: Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person’s data.

: The authors declare no competing interests.