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Authors
Li, Yuanyuan https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8247-4311
Yang, Fan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6179-8413
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 72574045)
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Article History
Received: 20 June 2025
Accepted: 29 December 2025
First Online: 6 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University Health Science Center (Approval Number: IRB00001052-24713074, approved on March 15, 2024). All participants in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) provided written informed consent before participation. No additional ethical approval was required for this secondary data analysis as it involved the use of existing, de-identified data from an ethically approved study.
: Data access and use were approved by the CLHLS data management committee. All analyses were conducted using de-identified data in compliance with applicable privacy regulations and institutional policies.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
