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Article History

Received: 2 June 2025

Accepted: 29 December 2025

First Online: 2 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Health Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR.TUMS.DENTISTRY.REC.1400.182). Informed verbal consent was secured from all participants via telephone prior to their participation in the survey.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.