Document is current

Article History

Received: 30 August 2025

Accepted: 12 January 2026

First Online: 13 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with relevant CHARLS guidelines, regulations and the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants joined CHARLS voluntarily and signed a consent form before participation. for all the CHARLS waves was granted from the Institutional Review Board at Peking University. The IRB approval number for the main household survey (including anthropometric data) is IRB00001052–11015.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.