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Authors
Lin, Chin-Chih
Su, Yu-Chen
Tsai, Hsiao-Chi
Chen, Yen-Hung
Chang, Shu-Fang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cardinal Tien Hospital (CTH114AK-NHS-2236 and CTH115AK-NHS-2225)
National Science and Technology Council (MOST NSTC 114-2314-B-227-003-)
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Article History
Received: 26 November 2025
Accepted: 16 January 2026
First Online: 26 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of National Taiwan University for behavioral and social science research after a successful oral defense (approval number: 202409EM013). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants received a clear explanation of the study’s purpose and procedures and provided written informed consent prior to participation.
: Not applicable. This study does not include any identifiable images or personal or clinical details of individual participants.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
