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Article History

Received: 26 June 2025

Accepted: 28 January 2026

First Online: 17 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The original CHARLS was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (Approval number: IRB00001052-11015). Informed consent was obtained from all participants at the time of the original CHARLS data collection. This study is a secondary analysis of the de-identified CHARLS public data, no additional ethics approval or informed consent was required. The CHARLS study, and this secondary analysis, adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.