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Authors
Ngabitsinze, Protogene
Nkeshimana, Menelas
Tuyizere, Aloys
Ndayiragije, Vincent
Murayire, Janvier
Sebera, Emile
Niyomwungeri, Reverien
Neil, Kara L.
Babane, Jean F.
Rutaganda, Eric
Ndagijimana, Serge
Muhizi, Eulade
El-Khatib, Ziad
Dusabejambo, Vincent
Gouronnec, Adeline
Ngoga, Eugène
Butera, Yvan
Nsanzimana, Sabin
Pautas, Eric
Rwabihama, Jean Paul
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Article History
Received: 6 June 2025
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 6 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of the University of Rwanda College of Medicine and Health Sciences (Reference: 354/CMHS IRB/2020), and ethics approval at CHUK, and CHUB respectively (Reference: EC/CHUK/017/2021 and REC/UTHB/008/2021). Written informed consent was obtained from all cognitively capable participants or their next of kin for patients with impaired decision-making capacity. All data were anonymized during collection and analysis to protect patient confidentiality. The research adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and local ethical guidelines for medical research involving human subjects. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without affecting their care.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
