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Authors
Yang, Mingzhu
Chai, Shuang
Pan, Jinsong
Li, Junxin
Li, Linnan
Taylor, Janiece L.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Red Cross Movement Research Project of China (2023-02)
The Shanghai General Hospital Management Research Fund (YNGL-2023-16)
the 2024 Shanghai Municipal Education Commission Faculty Exchange Program
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Article History
Received: 17 October 2025
Accepted: 30 January 2026
First Online: 11 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Shanghai General Hospital (Protocol No. 2025 − 193). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision). Clinical trial number: not applicable. For participants with low literacy or cognitive/functional impairments, consent was obtained through witnessed thumbprints or from legally authorized proxy respondents, as detailed in the Methods section.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
