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Article History

Received: 4 November 2025

Accepted: 5 February 2026

First Online: 11 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained from Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) (54/01/Indo-foreign/Ger/16-NCD-II) and all collaborating institutes ethics committee (IEC), including the University of Southern California (UP-15-00684); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (IEC-284/06.05.2016, RP-33/2016); the International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar; Dr SN Medical College, Jodhpur; Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram; Grant Medical College and JJ Hospital, Mumbai; Guwahati Medical College, Guwahati; Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi; Madras Medical College, Chennai; Medical College, Kolkata; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru; Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; and Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar.Informed consent were taken from all participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.